Default password for rdscm is password all lowercase rdscm is available six languages. First, they lack a sampling frame, that is, an exhaustive list of population members from which the. Respondentdriven sampling rdsisarecentlyintroduced, andnowwidelyused, technique forestimating disease prevalence in hidden populations. Evaluating respondentdriven sampling as an implementation t. A theoretic analysis, drawing on both markovchain theory. This paper introduces a new variant of chainreferral sampling, respondent driven sampling, that employs a dual system of structured incentives to overcome some of the deficiencies of such samples. Novel sampling design for respondentdriven sampling add health. Respondentdriven sampling rds, introduced by heckathorn 1997, also 2002, 2007, see also salganik and heckathorn, 2004, volz and heckathorn 2008 is an approach to sampling design and inference in hardtoreach populations.
Rds augments the referral method by weighting the sample in order to compensate for the initial nonrandom selection, which may lead to the reduction of errors occurring in sampling by the referral method. Douglas heckathorn, a professor of sociology at cornell and has been applied to groups ranging from men who have sex with men, injection drug users, children living on the street and jazz musicians. A recent development in sampling methodology, respondentdriven sampling rds, was designed to overcome some of these limitations by providing breadth of coverage with statistical validity. Assessing respondent driven sampling for network studies. Respondentdriven sampling rds is a linktracing procedure for surveying hidden or hardtoreach populations in which subjects recruit other subjects via their social network. Respondent driven sampling rds is a linktracing procedure for surveying hidden or hardtoreach populations in which subjects recruit other subjects via their social network. Respondent driven sampling is a commonly used method for sampling from hardtoreach human populations connected by an underlying social network of relations. Respondentdriven sampling the comprehensive r archive. Determinants of recruitment and a method to improve point estimation, plos one, 20, 10, doi. The representative or totalpopulation data that are required for robust evaluation are generally unavailable on the hidden and stigmatized groups that respondentdriven sampling is most commonly used to survey.
Respondent driven sampling rds is a novel variant of link tracing sampling that has primarily been used to estimate the characteristics of hardtoreach groups, such as the hiv prevalence of drug users. Respondent driven sampling rds has become increasingly popular for sampling hidden populations, including injecting drug users idu. A recent development in sampling methodology, respondentdriven sampling. Respondentdriven sampling rds is a recently developed method used to sample hidden and hard to reach populations such as injecting drug users, commercial sex workers, and men who have sex with men. A r e s o u r c e g u i d e f o r s t e e r i n g c o m m i t t e e s 1 table of contents. In order to select productive seeds, we conducted indepth interviews among 28 drug users and held focusgroup discussions among those who had experience in working with drug users, including. By leveraging relations of trust, rds accesses hardtosurvey populations.
Respondentdriven sampling datasets uk data service. Respondentdriven sampling is a commonly used method for sampling from hardtoreach human populations connected by an underlying social network of relations. Respondentdriven sampling rds has become increasingly popular for sampling hidden populations, including injecting drug users idu. Johnston tulane university, neworleans,anduniversityofcalifornia,sanfrancisco,usa and matthew j. By tracing the links in the underlying social network, the process exploits the social structure to expand the sample and reduce its dependence on the initial convenience sample. Pdf respondentdriven sampling rds is a variant of linktracing, a sampling technique for surveying hardtoreach communities that takes advantage. Sampling hardtoreach populations with respondent driven.
Interactive mode allows users to analyze one file at a time using interactive pointandclick menus. Efforts to improve the main disadvantage of snowball sampling resulted in the respondentdriven sampling rds method. Given that respondents generally cannot be interviewed more than once, this assumption is counterfactual. Johnston lg, whitehead s, simiclawson m, kendall c.
First, empirical evaluation of respondentdriven sampling is problematic. Implementation challenges to using respondentdriven sampling methodology for hiv biological and behavioral surveillance. Hardtoreach populations are characterized by the difficulty in sampling from them using standard probability methods. Rather than reaching individuals by selecting with some probability from a sampling frame, respondentdriven sampling uses respondents networks to recruit members of the hardtoreach group. Respondentdriven sampling rds is a method for drawing. Respondent driven sampling rds is a sampling method designed to generate unbiased estimates of population characteristics for populations where a sampling frame is not available. We conducted the first study to evaluate rds by comparing fieldcollected rds. Identification of homophily and preferential recruitment.
Under a given set of assumptions, the final sample of an rds design. Respondentdriven sampling rds employs a variant of a linktracing network sampling strategy to collect data from hardtoreach populations. Consistency for the tree bootstrap in respondentdriven sampling. Estimated sampling variance in respondent driven sampling data. Respondent driven sampling rds is generally considered a methodology for recruiting hardtoreach populations for social science research. Implementation and analysis of respondent driven sampling. Respondent driven sampling is a network sampling technique typically employed for hardtoreach populations for example, drug users, men who have sex with men, people with hiv. Implementation and analysis of respondent driven sampling core. Consistency for the tree bootstrap in respondentdriven. Aug 01, 2011 the judgment that chainreferral sampling is a convenience method was challenged in a series of papers leading to the development of a new method for collecting and analyzing chainreferral data, respondent driven sampling rds. Classical respondentdriven sampling rds estimators are based on a markov process model in which sampling occurs with replacement.
Respondentdriven sampling rds is a type of chain referral sampling popular for sampling hidden andor marginalized populations. Respondentdriven sampling rds sage research methods. Salganik microsoft research, new york, and princeton university, usa received august 20 summary. Respondent driven samplingwhere we are and where should we. The respondent driven sampling coupon manager rdscm provides a convenient way to keep track of coupons numbers and respondent compensation. More recently, wejnert has argued that rds analysis can be used for general social network analysis as well where he labels it, rdssn. Respondentdriven sampling rds is a networkbased technique for estimating traits in hardtoreach populations, for example, the prevalence of hiv among drug injectors. In this sample dataset, the number of respondents in 264, the maximum number of coupons distributed to each respondent is 4, and 0 entries are treated as missing data. Respondent driven sampling rds is a network sampling technique typically employed for hardtoreach populations e. Respondent driven sampling manual rds is both a sampling and analysis technique so it is necessary to use diagnostic tools and the appropriate estimators for analysis. For many groups however, there is no list of members from which to. The trust integrated prevention and treatment model was established at a trusted community center serving msm in abuja, nigeria.
In recent years rds has been used in more than 120 studies in more than 20 countries and by leading public health organizations, including the centers for disease control and. Seeds should be diverse and wellnetworked, but they do not need to be chosen randomly. The use of snowball sampling in research on hidden populations created a widespread perception of snowball sampling in particular and chainreferral methods in general as convenience sampling methods. In order to select productive seeds, we conducted indepth interviews among 28 drug users and held focusgroup discussions among those who. A respondent driven sampling rds methodology was used to compare migrant populations coming from myanmar in urban site 1 vs. It provides an automated selfgrowing sampling design as well as asymptotically unbiased population estimates, making it the stateoftheart sampling method for studying hivrelated key populations at. Pdf respondentdriven sampling is a network sampling technique typi cally employed for hardtoreach populations for example, drug users, men who. Unlike in snowball sampling, it is crucial to obtain estimates of respondents personal network sizes that is, number of acquaintances in the target population and. English, russian, spanish, french, chinese, greek and vietnamese. Respondentdriven sampling rds was developed to generate representative samples of such hardtoreach populations with improved accessibility. Respondent driven sampling rds was used to recruit. Pdf implementation challenges to using respondentdriven.
Rds is a type of snowball sampling used for analyzing characteristics of hidden or hardtoreach populations. Unlike in snowball sampling, each respondent must be able to give an estimate of their. Although the method is often effective at attaining large and varied samples, its reliance on convenience samples, social network. Mathematical derivations, simulated tests on empirical data, and evidence from other forms of chainreferral data collection.
Rds analysis tool lets you perform respondentdriven sampling analysis. Novel sampling design for respondentdriven sampling. All rds studies begin with a small number of seeds from the target population e. The rds methodology collected information on knowledge, attitudes, and practices for malaria, travel and occupational histories, as well as social network size and structure. There is signi cant research interest in detecting clustering or dependence of epidemiological traits in. Diagnostics for respondentdriven sampling krista j. Analyzing continuous variables and controlling for differential recruitment. Respondent driven samplingwhere we are and where should. Similar to snowball sampling, initial seed respondents recruit additional respondents from their network of friends. Starting with a set of initial participants called seeds, subjects are interviewed and given a small number of coupons they use to recruit other members of the study population. The analyses presented here evaluate the utility of respondentdriven sampling as an implementation tool for engaging msm in the trust intervention. Sampling and estimation in hidden populations using. Estimating hidden population size using respondentdriven.
Identification of homophily and preferential recruitment in. Chainreferral sampling that starts with a limited number of seeds who refer their peers. Typically, a sampling frame is not available, and population members are difficult to identify or recruit from broader sampling frames. Respondentdriven sampling rds is one method that can be used to. The second line is the sample size, the maximum number of coupons given to each respondent, the symbol for missing values. Assessing respondent driven sampling for network studies in. Pdf those who engage in illegal or stigmatized behaviors, which put them at risk of hiv infection, are largely concentrated in urban centers. Rds sampling consists of the following three steps. Respondentdriven sampling rds is an approach to sampling design and inference in hardtoreach human populations. Respondentdriven sampling as markov chain monte carlo. Efforts to improve the main disadvantage of snowball sampling resulted in the respondent driven sampling rds method.
Respondent driven sampling rds was developed to generate representative samples of such hardtoreach populations with improved accessibility. This paper introduces a new variant of chainreferral sampling, respondentdriven sampling, that employs a dual system of structured incentives to overcome some of the deficiencies of such samples. Gile, university of massachusetts, amherst, usa lisa g. As a variant of a chainreferral sampling, it does not require the development of a sampling frame. Rds is based on the theory that bias in recruitment is overcome after recruitment proceeds through a sufficiently large number of waves. Introduction respondent driven sampling rds is a variant of a linktracing design intended for generating unbiased estimates of the composition of hidden populations that typically involves giving participants several coupons to recruit their peers into the study. Respondentdriven sampling columbia university mailman. Pdf implementation and analysis of respondent driven sampling. Respondentdriven sampling was proposed by heckathorn 1997 and is a commonly used method to obtain samples from hardtoreach groups. Deriving valid population estimates from chainreferral samples of hidden populations. Sampling and estimation in hidden populations using respondent driven sampling matthew j. As such, even under the ideal sampling assumptions, the performance of rds is restricted by the underlying social network. Seeds then use these coupons to recruit other people, who themselves become.
Assessment of random recruitment assumption in respondent. Although the method is often effective at attaining large and varied samples, its reliance on convenience samples, social. When the desired sample size is reached, the process is terminated. Respondent driven sampling background first described in 1997 adopted by us cdc in early 2000s for use in hiv biological behavioral surveillance surveys endorsed by global fund, who and unaids for sampling hard to reach populations started to be noticed in late 2000s by other disciplines it is a sampling and analysis technique heckathorn dd. A respondentdriven sampling rds methodology was used to compare migrant populations coming from myanmar in urban site 1 vs. Common examples include injecting drug users, men who have sex with men, and female sex workers. Evaluating respondentdriven sampling as an implementation. These can be found in the open source software package rds analyst at the hidden populations methods research group hpmrg. However, rds data are unique and require specialized analysis techniques, many of which remain underdeveloped. Methods for inference from respondentdriven sampling data. Populations such as these are difficult to sample using standard survey research methods for two reasons. Respondentdriven sampling rds is a method of chain referral sampling popular for sampling hidden andor marginalized populations. An approach to hardtosurvey populations commonly taken by researchers in other disciplines is largely missing from the toolbox of political science methods.
Beginning with a convenience sample, participants pass coupons to invite their contacts to join the sample. How to implement respondentdriven sampling in practice. Classical respondent driven sampling rds estimators are based on a markov process model in which sampling occurs with replacement. In recent years rds has been used in more than 120 studies in more than 20 countries and by leading public health organizations, including the centers for disease control and prevention in the united states. Respondentdriven sampling rds is a method for drawing probability samples of hidden, or alternatively, hardtoreach, populations. Respondent driven sampling rds is a type of chain referral sampling popular for sampling hidden andor marginalized populations.
Researchers in many scientific fields make inferences from individuals to larger groups. Respondentdriven sampling rds is a sampling method designed to generate unbiased estimates of population characteristics for populations where a sampling frame is not available. Novel sampling design for respondentdriven sampling add. Respondent driven sampling rds is a method of chain referral sampling popular for sampling hidden andor marginalized populations. Formative research to optimize respondent driven sampling surveys among hardtoreach populations in hiv behavioral and biological surveillance. A recent study simulating respondent driven sampling and using empirical network data found that the variance of respondent driven sampling estimates can be much higher than commonly assumed. Respondentdriven sampling rds is a widely used procedure for recruiting members of hidden or hardtoreach populations 1, 2. Respondent driven sampling rds is an approach to sampling design and inference in hardtoreach human populations.
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